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Microbiome
The microbiome, comprising bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is a critical component of human biology, with over 100 trillion microbial cells (mostly in the gut, mouth, and skin) outnumbering human cells 10:1 and containing 200 times more genes than the human genome. Initially viewed as pathogens, microbes are now recognized as symbiotic, playing a major role in health, particularly in immune system regulation, as revealed by the NIH’s Human Microbiome Project launched in 2007.
Gut Microbiome and Autoimmunity: The gut hosts 70-80% of immune cells and is vital for immune development and balance, distinguishing between harmful pathogens and beneficial microbes. Dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) can trigger autoimmune diseases through mechanisms like leaky gut, molecular mimicry, T cell activation, and altered microbial metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids). Therapeutic strategies like diet, probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation show promise but depend on individual genetic factors.
Early-Life Microbiome: Early exposures like antibiotics, cesarean sections, and formula feeding disrupt microbiome development, reducing diversity and beneficial bacteria (e.g., Clostridiales, Bacteroides). Vaginal birth and breastfeeding promote richer microbial seeding, supporting immune and metabolic health, while disruptions may increase risks of obesity, asthma, and other disorders.
Brain-Gut Axis: The gut microbiome influences the central nervous system via chemical, neural, and endocrine pathways, impacting mood, health, and neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, and autism. Dysbiosis can exacerbate these conditions through abnormal microbial metabolites.
Healthy Microbiome: A healthy microbiome varies by individual but is supported by physical (exercise, hydration, diverse diet with fiber, probiotics, prebiotics) and mental (stress management, positive relationships) practices. Avoiding excessive alcohol and smoking is also key.
Diet for Autoimmune Conditions: The Mediterranean diet is recommended for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, with other diets (e.g., anti-inflammatory, vegetarian, keto) also beneficial due to restricted eating windows and avoidance of ultra-processed foods. Recommended foods include wild-caught fish, grass-fed meats, fermented foods, healthy oils, green vegetables, and herbal teas, tailored to individual needs.
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